Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-449X-vol1(3)-89Keywords:
Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Biomedical applications, Nanotechnology, Photocatalytic activityAbstract
Nanoparticles of Zinc oxide are biocompatible, have low toxicity, are sustainable, and cost-effective, they have become popular metal oxide nanoparticles and have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. It becomes apparent that they could be a viable option in the fields of mechanical, electrical, food packaging, and biological applications because of their special optical and chemical qualities. In the long term, biological approaches that use green or natural channels are simpler, less harmful, and more environmental friendly than chemical-based and physical techniques. Not only that, but ZnO NPs can significantly increase pharmacophore bioactivity while being far less toxic and biodegradable. They play a vital role in the apoptosis of cells because they promote the formation of oxygen species that are very reactive and release the ions of zinc, leading to cell death. These ZnO NPs also function effectively in combination with other components that support wound healing and biosensing, which monitors trace levels of biomarkers linked to a range of diseases. Overall, this study covers the production and latest advancements of zinc oxide nanoparticles from green sources such as fruits, vegetables, bacteria, fungi, algae, and proteins. It also sheds light on the potential uses of ZnO NPs in medicine. Lastly, potential uses of synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in research as well as biomedical applications are explored.
References
M. Zain, H. Yasmeen, S. S. Yadav, et al. Applications of nanotechnology in biological systems and medicine. Nanotechnology for hematology, blood transfusion, and artificial blood, ed: Elsevier, 2022, pp. 215-235.
S. Malik, K. Muhammad, and Y. Waheed, Nanotechnology: A revolution in modern industry. Molecules, vol. 28, p. 661, 2023.
C. Buzea, I. I. Pacheco, and K. Robbie, Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity. Biointerphases, vol. 2, pp. MR17-MR71, 2007.
A. Moezzi, A. M. McDonagh, and M. B. Cortie, Zinc oxide particles: Synthesis, properties and applications. Chemical engineering journal, vol. 185, pp. 1-22, 2012.
R. Medhi, M. D. Marquez, and T. R. Lee, Visible-light-active doped metal oxide nanoparticles: review of their synthesis, properties, and applications. ACS Applied Nano Materials, vol. 3, pp. 6156-6185, 2020.
S. Raha and M. Ahmaruzzaman, ZnO nanostructured materials and their potential applications: progress, challenges and perspectives. Nanoscale Advances, vol. 4, pp. 1868-1925, 2022.
B. Abebe, H. A. Murthy, and E. Amare, Enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO: Defects, heterojunction, and optimization. Environmental nanotechnology, monitoring & management, vol. 14, p. 100336, 2020.
Y. Mao, T. J. Park, F. Zhang, et al. Environmentally friendly methodologies of nanostructure synthesis. Small, vol. 3, pp. 1122-1139, 2007.
V. Parihar, M. Raja, and R. Paulose, A brief review of structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, vol. 53, pp. 119-130, 2018.
W. He, H. Wu, W. G. Wamer,et al. Unraveling the enhanced photocatalytic activity and phototoxicity of ZnO/metal hybrid nanostructures from generation of reactive oxygen species and charge carriers. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 6, pp. 15527-15535, 2014.
S. J. Park, Y. C. Park, S. W. Lee, et al. Comparing the toxic mechanism of synthesized zinc oxide nanomaterials by physicochemical characterization and reactive oxygen species properties. Toxicology letters, vol. 207, pp. 197-203, 2011.
D. Debnath, D. Sen, T. T. Neog, et al. Growth of ZnO Polytypes: Multiple Facets of Diverse Applications. Crystal Growth & Design, 2024.
U. Ashik, S. Kudo, and J.-i. Hayashi, An overview of metal oxide nanostructures. Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials, pp. 19-57, 2018.
A. A. Oluwasanu, F. Oluwaseun, J. A. Teslim, et al. Scientific applications and prospects of nanomaterials: A multidisciplinary review. African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 18, pp. 946-961, 2019.
T. A. Singh, A. Sharma, N. Tejwan, et al. A state of the art review on the synthesis, antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and tissue regeneration activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 295, p. 102495, 2021.
P. Shafiee, M. R. Nafchi, S. Eskandarinezhad, et al. Sol-gel zinc oxide nanoparticles: advances in synthesis and applications. Synthesis and Sintering, vol. 1, pp. 242-254, 2021.
Y. T. Chung, M. M. Ba-Abbad, A. W. Mohammad, et al. Synthesis of minimal-size ZnO nanoparticles through sol–gel method: Taguchi design optimisation. Materials & Design, vol. 87, pp. 780-787, 2015.
S. Arya, P. Mahajan, S. Mahajan, et al. Influence of processing parameters to control morphology and optical properties of Sol-Gel synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, vol. 10, p. 023002, 2021.
N. Abid, A. M. Khan, S. Shujait, et al. Synthesis of nanomaterials using various top-down and bottom-up approaches, influencing factors, advantages, and disadvantages: A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 300, p. 102597, 2022.
A. N. P. Madathil, K. Vanaja, and M. Jayaraj, Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. Nanophotonic materials IV, 2007, pp. 47-55.
B. Baruwati, D. K. Kumar, and S. V. Manorama, Hydrothermal synthesis of highly crystalline ZnO nanoparticles: a competitive sensor for LPG and EtOH. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 119, pp. 676-682, 2006.
D. B. Bharti and A. Bharati, Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using a hydrothermal method and a study its optical activity. Luminescence, vol. 32, pp. 317-320, 2017.
P. G. Devi and A. S. Velu, Synthesis, structural and optical properties of pure ZnO and Co doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by the co-precipitation method. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics, vol. 10, pp. 233-240, 2016.
A. J. Ahamed and P. V. Kumar, Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles by co-precipitation method at room temperature. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 8, pp. 624-628, 2016.
M. Hasanpoor, M. Aliofkhazraei, and H. Delavari, Microwave-assisted synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Procedia Materials Science, vol. 11, pp. 320-325, 2015.
I. Bilecka, P. Elser, and M. Niederberger, Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects in the microwave-assisted synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles in benzyl alcohol. ACS nano, vol. 3, pp. 467-477, 2009.
M. Kooti and A. Naghdi Sedeh, Microwave-assisted combustion synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2013, 2013.
G. P. Barreto, G. Morales, and M. L. L. Quintanilla, Microwave assisted synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: effect of precursor reagents, temperature, irradiation time, and additives on nano-ZnO morphology development. Journal of Materials, vol. 2013, pp. 1-11, 2013.
S. Cimitan, S. Albonetti, L. Forni, et al. Solvothermal synthesis and properties control of doped ZnO nanoparticles. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 329, pp. 73-80, 2009.
T. Ghoshal, S. Biswas, M. Paul, et al. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by solvothermal method and their ammonia sensing properties. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 9, pp. 5973-5980, 2009.
X. Bai, L. Li, H. Liu, L. Tan, et al. Solvothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and anti-infection application in vivo. ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 7, pp. 1308-1317, 2015.
M. Zare, K. Namratha, K. Byrappa, et al. Surfactant assisted solvothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and study of their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Journal of materials science & technology, vol. 34, pp. 1035-1043, 2018.
M. Vaseem, A. Umar, and Y.-B. Hahn, ZnO nanoparticles: growth, properties, and applications. Metal oxide nanostructures and their applications, vol. 5, pp. 10-20, 2010.
Y.-m. Wang, J.-h. Li, and R.-y. Hong, Large scale synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles via homogeneous precipitation. Journal of Central South University, vol. 19, pp. 863-868, 2012.
S. Ashikuzzaman Ayon, Doping ZnO nanoparticles with rare-earth element and investigating its photocatalytic activity. 2019.
H. R. Ghaffarian, M. Saiedi, M. A. Sayyadnejad, et al. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by spray pyrolysis method. 2011.
R. Huang, S. Zhang, W. Zhang, et al. Progress of zinc oxide‐based nanocomposites in the textile industry. IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing, vol. 3, pp. 281-289, 2021.
S. Preethi, A. Anitha, and M. Arulmozhi, A comparative analysis of the properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal and sol–gel methods. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 9, pp. 1-6, 2016.
T. Alhawi, M. Rehan, D. York, et al. Synthesis of zinc carbonate hydroxide nanoparticles using microemulsion process. Procedia engineering, vol. 102, pp. 346-355, 2015.
M. Bandeira, M. Giovanela, M. Roesch-Ely, et al. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A review of the synthesis methodology and mechanism of formation. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, vol. 15, p. 100223, 2020.
H. Agarwal, S. V. Kumar, and S. Rajeshkumar, A review on green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles–An eco-friendly approach. Resource-Efficient Technologies, vol. 3, pp. 406-413, 2017.
S. Fakhari, M. Jamzad, and H. Kabiri Fard, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a comparison. Green chemistry letters and reviews, vol. 12, pp. 19-24, 2019.
Z. Vaseghi, A. Nematollahzadeh, and O. Tavakoli, Green methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles using biogenic reducing agents: a review. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, vol. 34, pp. 529-559, 2018.
S. Iravani, Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chemistry, vol. 13, pp. 2638-2650, 2011.
T. Gur, I. Meydan, H. Seckin, et al. Green synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles. Environmental Research, vol. 204, p. 111897, 2022.
M. Naseer, U. Aslam, B. Khalid, et al. Green route to synthesize Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Cassia fistula and Melia azadarach and their antibacterial potential. Scientific Reports, vol. 10, p. 9055, 2020.
M. S. E.-d. Salem, A. Y. Mahfouz, and R. M. Fathy, The antibacterial and antihemolytic activities assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts and gamma irradiation against the uro-pathogenic multidrug resistant Proteus vulgaris. Biometals, vol. 34, pp. 175-196, 2021.
B. Malaikozhundan, B. Vaseeharan, S. Vijayakumar, et al. Biological therapeutics of Pongamia pinnata coated zinc oxide nanoparticles against clinically important pathogenic bacteria, fungi and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Microbial pathogenesis, vol. 104, pp. 268-277, 2017.
M. Sorbiun, E. Shayegan Mehr, A. Ramazani, et al. Green synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of oak fruit hull (jaft) and comparing their photocatalytic degradation of basic violet 3. International Journal of Environmental Research, vol. 12, pp. 29-37, 2018.
Y. A. Selim, M. A. Azb, I. Ragab, et al. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Deverra tortuosa and their cytotoxic activities. Scientific reports, vol. 10, p. 3445, 2020.
M. A. Rauf, M. Owais, R. Rajpoot, et al. Biomimetically synthesized ZnO nanoparticles attain potent antibacterial activity against less susceptible S. aureus skin infection in experimental animals. RSC advances, vol. 7, pp. 36361-36373, 2017.
B. N. Singh, A. K. S. Rawat, W. Khan, et al. Biosynthesis of stable antioxidant ZnO nanoparticles by Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids. PLoS One, vol. 9, p. e106937, 2014.
P. Dhandapani, A. S. Siddarth, S. Kamalasekaran, et al. Bio-approach: ureolytic bacteria mediated synthesis of ZnO nanocrystals on cotton fabric and evaluation of their antibacterial properties. Carbohydrate polymers, vol. 103, pp. 448-455, 2014.
M. Mishra, J. S. Paliwal, S. K. Singh, et al. Studies on the inhibitory activity of biologically synthesized and characterized zinc oxide nanoparticles using lactobacillus sporogens against Staphylococcus aureus. J Pure Appl Microbiol, vol. 7, pp. 1263-1268, 2013.
B. Sumanth, T. R. Lakshmeesha, M. A. Ansari, et al. Mycogenic synthesis of extracellular zinc oxide nanoparticles from Xylaria acuta and its nanoantibiotic potential. International Journal of Nanomedicine, pp. 8519-8536, 2020.
A. Boroumand Moghaddam, M. Moniri, S. Azizi, et al. Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by a new Pichia kudriavzevii yeast strain and evaluation of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Molecules, vol. 22, p. 872, 2017.
R. Raliya and J. C. Tarafdar, ZnO nanoparticle biosynthesis and its effect on phosphorous-mobilizing enzyme secretion and gum contents in Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Agricultural Research, vol. 2, pp. 48-57, 2013.
G. Baskar, J. Chandhuru, K. S. Fahad, et al. Mycological synthesis, characterization and antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, vol. 3, pp. 142-146, 2013.
R. Ishwarya, B. Vaseeharan, S. Kalyani, et al. Facile green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ulva lactuca seaweed extract and evaluation of their photocatalytic, antibiofilm and insecticidal activity. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 178, pp. 249-258, 2018.
S. K. Basha, K. V. Lakshmi, and V. S. Kumari, Ammonia sensor and antibacterial activities of green zinc oxide nanoparticles. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, vol. 10, pp. 34-40, 2016.
A. Asokan, T. Ramachandran, R. Ramaswamy, et al. Preparation and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles and a study of the anti-microbial property of cotton fabric treated with the particles. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management, vol. 6, 2010.
L. Nie, L. Gao, P. Feng, et al. Three‐dimensional functionalized tetrapod‐like ZnO nanostructures for plasmid DNA delivery. Small, vol. 2, pp. 621-625, 2006.
M. Ramani, S. Ponnusamy, C. Muthamizhchelvan, et al. Amino acid-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanostructures and evaluation of their facet-dependent antimicrobial activity. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 117, pp. 233-239, 2014.
S. Singh, Zinc oxide nanoparticles impacts: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Toxicology mechanisms and methods, vol. 29, pp. 300-311, 2019.
O. M. El-Feky, E. A. Hassan, S. M. Fadel, et al. Use of ZnO nanoparticles for protecting oil paintings on paper support against dirt, fungal attack, and UV aging. Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 15, pp. 165-172, 2014.
S. M. Sukri, K. Shameli, E. M. Isa, et al. Green synthesis of zinc oxide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic studies: a mini review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021, p. 012083.
A. K. Tiwari, S. Jha, A. K. Singh, et al. Innovative investigation of zinc oxide nanoparticles used in dentistry. Crystals, vol. 12, p. 1063, 2022.
P. N. Mishra, P. K. Mishra, and D. Pathak, The influence of Al doping on the optical characteristics of ZnO nanopowders obtained by the low-cost sol-gel method. Chemistry, vol. 4, pp. 1136-1146, 2022.
S. Campora and G. Ghersi, Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine. Nanotechnology Reviews, vol. 11, pp. 2595-2631, 2022.
F. Islam, S. Shohag, M. J. Uddin, et al. Exploring the journey of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) toward biomedical applications. Materials, vol. 15, p. 2160, 2022.
G. M. Demirbolat, L. Altintas, S. Yilmaz, et al. Nanodesigning of multifunctional quantum dots and nanoparticles for the treatment of fibrosarcoma. Journal of Microencapsulation, vol. 39, pp. 210-225, 2022.
F. S. Youssef, S. H. Ismail, O. A. Fouad, et al. Green synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Review. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, vol. 55, pp. 287-311, 2024.
A. Alsuraihi, M. A. Salam, and N. Elbialy, Physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs synthesized by chemical, sonochemical, and green methods: comparative study. Applied Physics A, vol. 129, p. 768, 2023.
M. S. Roberts, M. J. Roberts, T. A. Robertson, et al. In vitro and in vivo imaging of xenobiotic transport in human skin and in the rat liver. Journal of biophotonics, vol. 1, pp. 478-493, 2008.
A. V. Zvyagin, X. Zhao, A. Gierden, et al. Imaging of zinc oxide nanoparticle penetration in human skin in vitro and in vivo. Journal of biomedical optics, vol. 13, pp. 064031-064031-9, 2008.
Z. Song, T. A. Kelf, W. H. Sanchez, et al. Characterization of optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles for quantitative imaging of transdermal transport. Biomedical optics express, vol. 2, pp. 3321-3333, 2011.
B. E. Urban, P. Neogi, K. Senthilkumar, et al. Bioimaging using the optimized nonlinear optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 18, pp. 1451-1456, 2012.
B. E. Urban, P. B. Neogi, S. J. Butler, et al. Second harmonic imaging of plants tissues and cell implosion using two‐photon process in ZnO nanoparticles. Journal of Biophotonics, vol. 5, pp. 283-291, 2012.
A. V. Kachynski, A. N. Kuzmin, M. Nyk, et al. Zinc oxide nanocrystals for nonresonant nonlinear optical microscopy in biology and medicine. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, pp. 10721-10724, 2008.
R. Verma, S. Pathak, A. K. Srivastava, et al. ZnO nanomaterials: Green synthesis, toxicity evaluation and new insights in biomedical applications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 876, p. 160175, 2021.
M. Laurenti, S. Stassi, G. Canavese, et al. Surface engineering of nanostructured ZnO surfaces. Advanced Materials Interfaces, vol. 4, p. 1600758, 2017.
M. Akbarian, S. Mahjoub, S. M. Elahi, et al. Green synthesis, formulation and biological evaluation of a novel ZnO nanocarrier loaded with paclitaxel as drug delivery system on MCF-7 cell line. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 186, p. 110686, 2020.
K. Vimala, S. Sundarraj, M. Paulpandi, et al. Green synthesized doxorubicin loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles regulates the Bax and Bcl-2 expression in breast and colon carcinoma. Process biochemistry, vol. 49, pp. 160-172, 2014.
M. S. Nasrollahzadeh, R. Ghodsi, F. Hadizadeh, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles as a potential agent for antiviral drug delivery development: A systematic literature review. Current Nanoscience, vol. 18, pp. 147-153, 2022.
T. A. Singh, J. Das, and P. C. Sil, Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review on its synthesis, anticancer and drug delivery applications as well as health risks. Advances in colloid and interface science, vol. 286, p. 102317, 2020.
Q. Yuan, S. Hein, and R. Misra, New generation of chitosan-encapsulated ZnO quantum dots loaded with drug: synthesis, characterization and in vitro drug delivery response. Acta biomaterialia, vol. 6, pp. 2732-2739, 2010.
F. Muhammad, M. Guo, Y. Guo, et al. Acid degradable ZnO quantum dots as a platform for targeted delivery of an anticancer drug. Journal of materials chemistry, vol. 21, pp. 13406-13412, 2011.
R. Hariharan, S. Senthilkumar, A. Suganthi, et al. Synthesis and characterization of doxorubicin modified ZnO/PEG nanomaterials and its photodynamic action. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 116, pp. 56-65, 2012.
T. Chen, T. Zhao, D. Wei, et al. Core–shell nanocarriers with ZnO quantum dots-conjugated Au nanoparticle for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Carbohydrate polymers, vol. 92, pp. 1124-1132, 2013.
L. Upadhyaya, J. Singh, V. Agarwal, et al. In situ grafted nanostructured ZnO/carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposites for efficient delivery of curcumin to cancer. Journal of Polymer research, vol. 21, pp. 1-9, 2014.
J. Ahmad, R. Wahab, M. A. Siddiqui, et al. Zinc oxide quantum dots: a potential candidate to detain liver cancer cells. Bioprocess and biosystems engineering, vol. 38, pp. 155-163, 2015.
M. M. Rahman, A. A. Reza, M. A. Khan, et al. Unfolding the apoptotic mechanism of antioxidant enriched-leaves of Tabebuia pallida (lindl.) miers in EAC cells and mouse model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 278, p. 114297, 2021.
S. Chandrasekaran, S. Anusuya, and V. Anbazhagan, Anticancer, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A comparative analysis. Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 1263, p. 133139, 2022.
C. Liao, Y. Jin, Y. Li, et al. Interactions of zinc oxide nanostructures with mammalian cells: cytotoxicity and photocatalytic toxicity. International journal of molecular sciences, vol. 21, p. 6305, 2020.
S. Jha, R. Rani, and S. Singh, Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications: A Review. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, pp. 1-16, 2023.
S. Anjum, M. Hashim, S. A. Malik, et al. Recent advances in zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for cancer diagnosis, target drug delivery, and treatment. Cancers, vol. 13, p. 4570, 2021.
P. Chen, H. Wang, M. He, et al. Size-dependent cytotoxicity study of ZnO nanoparticles in HepG2 cells. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, vol. 171, pp. 337-346, 2019.
G. Bisht and S. Rayamajhi, ZnO nanoparticles: a promising anticancer agent. Nanobiomedicine, vol. 3, p. 9, 2016.
M. Batool, S. Khurshid, Z. Qureshi, et al. Adsorption, antimicrobial and wound healing activities of biosynthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles. Chemical Papers, vol. 75, pp. 893-907, 2021.
M. Carofiglio, S. Barui, V. Cauda, et al. Doped zinc oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and potential use in nanomedicine. Applied Sciences, vol. 10, p. 5194, 2020.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Aisha Ghaffar, Rimsha Sulaiman, Danish Ashraf, Isba Tariq, Sonia Perveen, Tayyba Shakir, Kinza
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright on any open-access article in a journal published by Globasci Publishing House Pte. Ltd. is retained by the authors. Authors grant Globasci Publishing House Pte. Ltd. a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.
